Nanoarray To Sniff Out Diseases From Your Breath
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However, gastric cancer isn't the only medical condition your breath can reveal. According to the Mayo Clinic, bad-breath odors vary and depend on the underlying cause. Here are some common bad-breath causes:
Some people worry too much about their breath even though they have little or no mouth odor, while others have bad breath and don't know it. Because it's difficult to assess how your own breath smells, ask a close friend or relative to confirm your bad-breath worries.
Could lung cancer be a cause of bad breath Pathologists normally perform biopsies and ultrasound scans to diagnose lung cancer, but using breath tests may be a cheaper, noninvasive alternative, according to a 2013 study. Using a preprogrammed \"electronic nose,\" which detects different profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, researchers from the University of Latvia examined breath samples from 475 subjects, which included a mix of 252 lung cancer patients, 223 patients with different lung conditions and healthy volunteers, 265 smokers, and 210 nonsmokers.
Cleveland Clinic researchers collected breath samples from 41 patients. Twenty-five were officially diagnosed with acute decompensated heart failure. Sixteen patients had other cardiovascular conditions but showed no signs of heart failure.
The kidneys are responsible for removing toxic chemicals from the blood by creating urine. In kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease, the kidneys become so damaged that they are no longer able to filter waste products and toxic chemicals from the blood. When this happens, the dangerous toxins and waste not discharged from the body accumulate and affect nearly every part of the body. The fishy-breath odor can occur when kidney failure affects the respiratory system and causes breathing problems.
But the slowed production of saliva during sleep can sometimes be caused by leaving your mouth open for long periods of time. People with sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and snoring may have trouble breathing through the nose and are more likely to breathe through their mouths, which is a cause of bad breath.
Digestive conditions such as acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are bad-breath causes. Both digestive conditions can delay or prevent food from processing efficiently in the stomach. When food doesn't move through the digestive system, it can start to decay. Small amounts of undigested food may even regurgitate and cause bad breath. Dentists may also detect GERD in patients when they notice an inflamed red throat and acid erosion in the teeth.
But GERD isn't the only digestive health issue that can affect your breath. A 2008 study published in the Journal of Medical Microbiology suggests that the H. pylori bacteria that cause stomach ulcers can be a cause of bad breath.
Allergies and postnasal drip may also be what causes bad breath because these conditions tend to clog the nose. This nasal congestion may force you to breathe through your mouth, which can lead to dryness and the growth of bacteria that cause foul breath.
When the enamel on your teeth erodes, food particles can get deposited in those holes, called dental caries. Because brushing your teeth can't remove these food deposits, they can eventually grow bacteria, which is what causes bad breath.
Researchers in Haifa, Israel, looked at breath samples of 484 people who had fasted for 12 hours and avoided smoking for at least 3 hours prior to the test. Ninety-nine of the participants had received stomach cancer diagnoses but had not yet begun treatment. The nanoarray analysis accurately distinguished between the different early stages of stomach cancer and also helped physicians identify patients at higher risk of developing the condition.
Haick's device works by using artificially intelligent nanoarrays to \"smell\" a person's breath and identify volatile organic compounds at a molecular level. Thirteen of these compounds, in various amounts and combinations, create a unique \"breathprint\" for diseases. The 86% success rate is still too low for what Haick calls the Na-Nose to be used in the real world, Engadget reports. But scientists believe in a number of years it could be cheap and easy enough for people to use at home. Because of that, people who aren't even showing symptoms could be screened, leading to very early detection and more successful treatment. For example, Haick says the Na-Nose could be used to increase lung cancer survival rates from 10% to 70% just through early diagnosis. (Scientists take \"huge\" step toward reversing aging.)
Truth is, more often than not bad breath (known as halitosis) is generally caused by poor oral hygiene, which will lead to tooth decay and produce even more issues with bad breath.Pro tip: brushing your tongue may help eliminate bad breath. Try working it into your routine!
If you notice a reoccurring pattern of bad breath, then first bring it to the attention of your dentist for more guidance and from there you may be recommended to see your primary care physician. And of course, never forget to brush and floss your teeth daily!
Early breath devices depended on finding a convenient chemical reaction in which a compound of interest, when added to all the other required ingredients, would generate a color change. As the tools of chemistry became more sophisticated (e.g. chromatography, spectroscopy, sequencing, immunoassays) detecting a wider range of foreign compounds has become straightforward. Over the past 20 years, the miniaturization of innovative sensors and electronics led to the development of numerous hand-held breath devices. Devices exist for an almost infinite range of compounds found in breathable air, whether ingested environmental pollutants, toxic substances or metabolic byproducts that are subsequently expired in breath. The Human Breathomics DataBase (HBDB) created and maintained by National Taiwan University, lists 913 VOCs found in 60 human diseases that are detectable in expired breath.
Yet dogs seem able to sniff-out COVID-19, and we know infection occurs from inhaling infected expired air, so it seems that it has to be possible to identify COVID-19 this way. The active virus and its fragments are found in microscopic breath droplets, but the problem is their concentration is 1,000 to 10,000 times lower than in saliva. So the question we are left with is this: Is there a way forward to use breath as an accurate enough, fast and cheap diagnostic, when it can be more convenient to focus on saliva for an easy and low-cost screening method
The most likely opportunity being pursued is to discover a more subtle and complex VOC signature, like a fingerprint or breathprint, involving measurement of hundreds of VOC candidates all at once. Typically trained artificial intelligence (AI) principal component analysis (PCA) is used for this purpose. AI/PCA is a very powerful technique, but the diagnostic result is provided from a computational black-box, an algorithm similar to those used in block-chain transactions, and it is quite hard to disaggregate the contributing factors in any intuitive way. Validation therefore requires observing accuracy in clinical cases. This means very large data sets to rule out bias, but none have yet been published to allow independent evaluation. Several companies and institutions are exploring breath diagnostics this way for diseases, including COVID-19, using proprietary AI fingerprinting e.g. Owlstone (UK), Canary (US), Deep Sensing Algorithms (Finland), Ben Gurion University (Israel). No clinical data is yet publicly available to evaluate possible success.
Twenty-five years ago, perhaps the first clinical application of breath diagnosis was the use of expired nitric oxide, or NO, to evaluate asthma. NO is highly specific for this purpose because it is a signaling molecule that expands blood flow to compensate for the reduced oxygen availability that asthma generates. Many other diseases are amenable to a similar approach, but despite a long history of investigation of expired breath, to date there is no clinical adoption of this technique for viral disease diagnosis. Over the next 12 months, as small trials are initiated by breath pioneers, we may discover reliable fingerprints, but any broad clinical usage will likely be beyond the 2021 forecast of the end of this particular pandemic. So, probably not a good idea to hold our breath for its arrival.
LC is the foremost target for breath diagnoses. Studies on the variation of VOCs occurring in the process of cancer cell culture were conducted by Moon et al. and Thriumani et al. [79, 124]. Their findings indicate that the specific VOCs released from cancer cells can act as odor signatures and potentially be used for the non-invasive screening of LC using gas array sensor devices. Lee et al. published a study on the classification of exhaled breath from 31 patients with LC and 31 healthy subjects using an e-nose based on a phage colorimetric sensor [111]. With the help of deep learning and neural pattern separation, the e-nose achieved a diagnostic success rate of over 75% and a classification success rate of over 86% for LC based on raw human breath data.
Amal et al. developed a diagnostic breath test that could distinguish between patients with malignant ovarian tumors and those who were tumor-free [129]. The test used a nanoarray of sensors to measure VOCs; it showed good sensitivity (low false negatives) and 100% specificity (no false positives). This may lead to an inexpensive and disposable alternative for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Because ovarian cancer is usually not diagnosed until it reaches an advanced stage, its mortality rate is very high. The current diagnostic tests are expensive and cumbersome, making widespread screening impractical, highlighting the need for a rapid analysis such as e-nose technology.
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